Monday, September 30, 2019

Importance of Marketing

An explanation of the importance of marketing to your selected organization’s success Marketing is a very important aspect in business since it contributes greatly to the success of the organization. Production and distribution depend largely on marketing. These two concepts are different in many aspects. Marketing covers advertising, promotions, public relations, and sales. It is the process of introducing and promoting the product or service into the market and encourages sales from the buying public. The goal of marketing is to make our product, Mango Power widely known and recognized to the market, marketers must be creative in their marketing activities. In this competitive nature of many businesses, getting Mango Power noticed is not that easy. Strategically, Pepsico must be centered on the customers more than the Mango Power products. Although good and quality products are also essential, the buying public still has their personal preferences. We will need to target more of their needs, they will come back again and again and even bring along recruits. If we push more on the product and disregard their wants and the benefits they can get, we will lose our customers in no time. The hardest part is getting them back. The only means to be made known is to advertise and promote. Pepsico may be spending on the advertising and promotional programs but the important thing is that Mango Power and Pepsico information is disseminated to the buying public. Offline and online marketing make it possible for the people to be educated with the various products and services that they can take advantage of. Pepsico must invest in marketing so as not to miss the opportunity of being discovered. If expense is to be considered, there are cost-effective marketing techniques Pepsico can embark on such as pay-per-click ads and blogging. Marketing helps boost sales and revenue growth. It will generate sales once the public learns about your Mango Power through TV advertisements, radio commercials, newspaper ads, online ads, and other forms of marketing. The more people hear and see more of our advertisements, the more they will be interested to buy. Pepsico aims to increase the sales percentage and double the production, the marketing department must be able to come up with effective and strategic marketing plans. Pepsico and Mango Power must have the ability to conquer the general market, marketers aim to create a brand name recognition or product recall. This is a technique for the consumers to easily associate the brand name with the images, logo, or caption that they hear and see in the advertisements. For example, McDonalds is known for its arch design which attracts people and identifies the image as McDonalds. For some companies, building a reputation to the public may take time but there are those who easily attract the people. With an established name in the industry, a business continues to grow and expand because more and more customers will purchase the products or take advantage of the services from a reputable company. In conclusion, marketing plays a very essential role in the success of a company. It educates people on the latest market trends, helps boost a company’s sales and profit, and develops company reputation. But marketers must be creative and wise enough to promote their products with the proper marketing tactics. Although marketing is important, if it is not conducted and researched well, the company might just be wasting on expenses and time on a failed marketing approach. References: Exforsys Inc. ,Published on: 6th Nov 2009 Last Updated on: 4th Jan 2011 PEPSICO 2010 Full Annual Report Importance of Marketing An explanation of the importance of marketing to your selected organization’s success Marketing is a very important aspect in business since it contributes greatly to the success of the organization. Production and distribution depend largely on marketing. These two concepts are different in many aspects. Marketing covers advertising, promotions, public relations, and sales. It is the process of introducing and promoting the product or service into the market and encourages sales from the buying public. The goal of marketing is to make our product, Mango Power widely known and recognized to the market, marketers must be creative in their marketing activities. In this competitive nature of many businesses, getting Mango Power noticed is not that easy. Strategically, Pepsico must be centered on the customers more than the Mango Power products. Although good and quality products are also essential, the buying public still has their personal preferences. We will need to target more of their needs, they will come back again and again and even bring along recruits. If we push more on the product and disregard their wants and the benefits they can get, we will lose our customers in no time. The hardest part is getting them back. The only means to be made known is to advertise and promote. Pepsico may be spending on the advertising and promotional programs but the important thing is that Mango Power and Pepsico information is disseminated to the buying public. Offline and online marketing make it possible for the people to be educated with the various products and services that they can take advantage of. Pepsico must invest in marketing so as not to miss the opportunity of being discovered. If expense is to be considered, there are cost-effective marketing techniques Pepsico can embark on such as pay-per-click ads and blogging. Marketing helps boost sales and revenue growth. It will generate sales once the public learns about your Mango Power through TV advertisements, radio commercials, newspaper ads, online ads, and other forms of marketing. The more people hear and see more of our advertisements, the more they will be interested to buy. Pepsico aims to increase the sales percentage and double the production, the marketing department must be able to come up with effective and strategic marketing plans. Pepsico and Mango Power must have the ability to conquer the general market, marketers aim to create a brand name recognition or product recall. This is a technique for the consumers to easily associate the brand name with the images, logo, or caption that they hear and see in the advertisements. For example, McDonalds is known for its arch design which attracts people and identifies the image as McDonalds. For some companies, building a reputation to the public may take time but there are those who easily attract the people. With an established name in the industry, a business continues to grow and expand because more and more customers will purchase the products or take advantage of the services from a reputable company. In conclusion, marketing plays a very essential role in the success of a company. It educates people on the latest market trends, helps boost a company’s sales and profit, and develops company reputation. But marketers must be creative and wise enough to promote their products with the proper marketing tactics. Although marketing is important, if it is not conducted and researched well, the company might just be wasting on expenses and time on a failed marketing approach. References: Exforsys Inc. ,Published on: 6th Nov 2009 Last Updated on: 4th Jan 2011 PEPSICO 2010 Full Annual Report

Sunday, September 29, 2019

As Psychology Locus of Control Essay

Discuss the role of locus of control on independent behaviour. (12 marks) Locus of control refers to a person’s perception of personal control over their own behaviour. There are two types of locus of control; internal and external. Internal locus of control occurs when individuals feel they are in control of their behaviour and are responsible for their actions. External locus of control occurs when individuals feel their behaviour is controlled by external forces (e. g. luck or fate) and they are not responsible for their own actions. Those with internal locus of control are more likely to show independent behaviour and resist the pressures to conform or obey whereas those with external locus of control are more likely to obey and conform. High internals do not rely on the opinions of others. They are better able to resist coercion and are more achievement-orientated. High internal locus of control has been linked to leadership and individuals with high internal locus of control are more likely to become entrepreneurs. Anderson and Schneier found that group members possessing an internal locus of control were more likely to emerge as leaders in their groups. This may be because individuals who take responsibility for their own actions feel that they can cause changes in their environment, including the behaviour of those around them. There is lots of research evidence to support locus of control. Oliner and Oliner found that people who had gone against the majority and protected the Jews from the Nazis tended to score higher on measures of internal locus of control. This means they believed they had influence over events in their life including success and failures. It may be this that made them independent. Also, Elms and Milgram found that the people that were disobedient in Milgram’s study of obedience shows higher internal locus of control and social responsibility. Avtigis did a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between locus of control and conformity and found high scores of external locus of control were more likely to conform than those with a low score. The average correlation between locus of control and conformity was 0. 37. This suggests that there are higher rates of conformity shown in external locus of control when compared to internal locus of control. There are a number of problems with using a meta-analysis. The studies are secondary data that the researcher has compiled. This means the study could suffer from researcher bias as they may have only found studies that supported their view. Also, as the study is correlational, cause and effect cannot be established. It does not comment on why there is a link or which factors were most important it only states that there is a relationship between the two variables. However, as the data is secondary data there are no ethical issues linked to the use of a meta-analysis to study the patterns between locus of control and conformity. On the other hand, Williams and Warchal gave 30 students a range of conformity tasks based on Asch’s study and assessed them using the Rotter’s locus of control scale. They found that those who conformed were the least assertive but did not score differently on the locus of control scale. This suggests that assertion may be more important in conformity than locus of control. There are also research studies that suggest that independent behaviour can be fostered or encouraged through modelling. Nemeth and Chiles found that those who had been exposed to a minority (four participants, one confederate) who gave a different answer were more likely to stand their ground and defy the majority in the second part of the experiment when they became a minority (four confederates, one participant). This study implies that exposure to a model of independent behaviour can influence the individual’s ability to stand firm against the majority and resist the group pressure to conform. However, there are problems with research into locus of control. Many of the studies that support locus of control are carried out in laboratories. This means they lack ecological validity and the results may not be applicable to real life situations. Also, demand characteristics may be present. The participant may have guessed the aim of the experiment and acted accordingly to fit the results they assume the researcher wanted. Also, it is difficult to measure personality. The use of questionnaires could mean that the studies suffer from social desirability bias as people may have altered their answers to appear more normal or to fit with what they assume the researcher wanted. Lastly, situational factors may be more important as personality is not always consistent. McGuire found that conforming behaviour differed across situations. If conformists and independents are not consistent in their behaviour it is hard to conclude that it is their personality that solely affects their choice whether or not to conform. Situational factors may influence behaviour too as they tend to conform in certain situations but not in others.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Motivation.learners are motivational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation.learners are motivational - Essay Example earchers have shown that learner’s attribution of success and failures is an essential part of whether the learner will attempt, complete and repeat activities. Therefore, most motivational issues of Jake can be addressed by these theories of the Bandura’s social cognitive theory, and attribution theory. Self efficacy impact the choice of activities. Self-efficacious students readily undertake challenging and difficult tasks more readily than do inefficacious students. (Bandura & Schunk, 1981). It is possible that Jake held a low sense of efficacy for acquiring cognitive skills that attempted him to avoid boring tasks, whereas if he judged himself more efficaciously, he should have participated more eagerly. Self-efficacy can also influence motivation. Students with high sense of efficacy for learning should expend greater effort and persist longer when they encounter difficult tasks than those who doubt their capabilities (1981). Therefore, Jake‘s lack of motivation and low effort to take challenging and difficult tasks can be associated with his low self efficacy. Efficacy and outcome expectancy are closely related; students who perceive themselves as capable of performing well expect successful performances, which in turn promote self-efficacy. Therefore, Jake’s low efficacy influenced his outcome expectancy and performance during his new school year. Also, poor performance in turn, results to low efficiency. In addition, Jake’s lack of motivation can be demonstrated according to attribution theory. Learners who have perceptions of ability in failure are likely to assume that performance is not in their control. Therefore, Jake’s negative attributional style (attributing failure to ability) contributed to his lack of motivation in engaging in difficult tasks, and developing skills. In Addition, learners negative attribution responses are related to inferior use of strategies (Schrieber,2006). Without high self efficacy and the tendency to

Friday, September 27, 2019

Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Journal - Research Paper Example This is a collection of memoirs written by Kingston herself without the mentioning of her own name. The narrator talks about how she grew up in a foreign land, which is the United States. The narrator is basically Chinese, and foreign people are generally termed as ghosts in Chinese language. We also see literal ghosts in a couple of sections, but generally ghosts mean non-Chinese people. The narrator keeps on bringing on the memories and cultural norms of China, while living in the United States, which shows that she has never let go of her mother culture. In this story, the narrator talks about the influence of mother tongue on the chances and opportunities that come in the way of the person, especially if he speaks limited or broken English. She talks how her mother had adopted different kinds of Englishes just for the sake of survival in the non-native country. The narrator tells about her struggles, how she changed her major from pre-med to English, and became a freelance writer. The theme behind is that the language spoken in a family has great influence upon the personality and destiny of a person. We can compare the three stories in a sense that all talk about the importance of mother language and cultural identity. These two things remain a part and parcel of one’s life even when one goes abroad and settles down in another culture with foreign people. Private language and mother tongue should not be given up, because these have a great impact upon our personalities and the way we cope with our everyday lives. â€Å"When I went to kindergarten and had to speak English for the first time, I became silent. A dumbness – a shame – still cracks my voice in two, even when I want to say "hello" casually, or ask an easy question in front of the check-out counter, or ask directions of a bus driver.† (Kingston 5.30) This quote shows the embarrassment when she had not learnt the foreign language. This brings up the importance of learning the second

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Analyse article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyse article - Essay Example Furthermore, the article points out that oceans absorbs more carbon dioxide thus making it more acidic which erodes the skeletal structure of the corals. Consequently, these factors have led to loss of 27% of the coral reefs and an estimated 60% could be lost in 30 years. Accordingly, the article points out that when these corals are exposed to acidity conditions, or pollution, zooxanthellae and other microscopic algae in the process referred to as â€Å"coral bleaching† (Vallery 2015).These microscopic algae alongside the zooxanthellae are responsible for the production of oxygen, food and the beautiful rainbow colors that have made human beings to fall in love with the corals. Similarly, coral reefs usually plays a significant part in terms of ensuring that the aquatic system stays healthy and therefore it is important that coral reefs be preserved. Sadly, the article points out that loss of coral reefs would lead to up to 25% of the loss of the total biodiversity of the aquatic and marine life. Furthermore, this loss would lead to the extinction of various marine animals consequently affecting the global ecosystem. Quite surprisingly however, the article points out that the loss of coral reefs can be avoided. The article illustrates that a scientific study found that 12 out of 21coral reefs were able to recover as a result of the coral bleaching process. In a nutshell, the article talks about the importance of coral reefs in the overall ecosystem, whilst airing the concern that it has continued to face depletion. Therefore, the article campaigns towards the reduction in the amount of loss of the coral reefs, in order to realize a healthy ecosystem. People are therefore faced with the responsibility to ensure that coral reefs are given the chance to survive. This can be achieved through minimization of human actions such as overfishing, releasing carbon dioxide and other

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Developmental Stages Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developmental Stages Paper - Essay Example The acquisition of counting things along with language opens new avenues for sophisticated social and intellectual interaction, while at the same time supplying the scaffolding more sophisticated levels of reasoning about the abstract concepts and ideas that are conveyed most effectively in words or in numbers. Close interconnections exist among processes of social domains of child development. Not only do tests of children's cognition and moral reasoning take place in social settings, but the topics that exercise the growth of intelligence are social to be a very important degree. As toddlers attachment brings about special social relationships with particular people, a process that will have lasting significance for intimate relationships throughout life. During childhood, intimate bonds to parents and familiar caregivers continue to exert a major influence upon the offspring's psychological development. However, with the young child's transition out of the family into primary school, parental social influences are joined in a direct or indirect manner by social influences from the child's peer group. One reason for this might be the effective learning due to competitive significance on which the parents are counting. When peers or other children outside the family, all of about the same age associate with one another in the classroom during and after school, the child's goal in the peer's company may appear to be nothing more than sheer enjoyment. Here comes the concern of classroom environment, as this is the stage where the child feels comfortable in learning directly from their peers. Psychologically he is driven by various kinds of learning and other competitions with his peers, which escorts him towards a healthy psychological and learning development. The classroom tends to be a whole learning myriad for the child where he ethnographically aims to achieve the views and perspectives, beliefs and values of all other peers and those involved in the particular sociocultural practice or institutional context of the classroom. These broad aims are often difficult to achieve in early childhood studies in a standalone environment that are of necessity limited in terms of time and resources but the classroom environment offer opportunities and circumstances where the child feels more appropriate to learn theoretically and practically various approaches. Classroom is the best example of social interaction where the child learns, grows and develops out of nothing. From the neo-Piagetian perspective, social interaction is treated as a catalyst for autonomous cognitive development. Thus, although social interaction is considered to stimulate individual cognitive development, it is not viewed as integral to either this constructive process or to its products, increasingly sophisticated mathematical conceptions. Vygotskian perspectives, on the other hand, tend to subordinate individual cognition to interpersonal or social relations. In the case of adult-child interactions, for example, it is argued that the child learns by internalizing mental functions that are initially social and exist between people. In recent years, several attempts have been made to

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

EU crises from microeconomic point of view and future of EU Assignment

EU crises from microeconomic point of view and future of EU - Assignment Example European countries that have constituted the EU have also been set to operate under common currency; the euro, making economic transactions between and among member states easy and favorable. This is more so because the member states do not face currency fluctuations in terms of foreign exchange, making international business prior to the member states favorable across the EU region. Though the current notion of the EU sounds simple in the domain of other countries in the world, the history behind the formulation and implementation of the EU is rich. The establishment of the European Union was not easy, taking into account that it required prior organization and unique treatment of variables that would operationalize the union. Enormous challenges characterized the establishment of the union, but as time went by, challenges were overcome and smoothening of the operational grounds achieved. The current success of the EU has been achieved over a significant period of time, within which diversity and dynamism have adopted to aid the process. However, the EU is not without its economic problems. The EU has been characterized by micro and macroeconomics problems in its economic and financial context. These problems will be evaluated in this paper alongside the future of the EU, in the context of the euro, enlargement of the EU and the economic characteristics therein. A Brief History of the EU Efforts to unite the European countries began in the twentieth century after the Second World War. Significant success was first realized in the year 1949 when some European countries began the uniting process under the umbrella of Council of Europe. One year later, a community by the name European Coal and Steel improved their cooperation and established a treaty that brought together six nations (Roland, 2005, Ch. 3). These nations made up the founding states of the EU, and even today they are recognized for this role. In the 1950s, a more pressing need to have the European nations emerged. This was during the cold war at the time, which saw the Eastern side of Europe divided from the Western side. Protests that characterized the cold war contributed to this division, raising a concern about the unification of the European community. In order to unite the two sides, the Rome Treaty was signed in the year 1957, allowing for the creation of European community that was at the time cal led the European Economic Community (Roland, 2005, Ch. 3). With the establishment of the community, people, goods and services could be moved across borders in the entire European community. As time went, more and more countries requested membership, thereby making the community grow larger and larger each year. The growth and development of the community necessitated the presence of a single market among the member states. Provisions of law were enacted to aid this process. Eventually, in the year 1989, the Eastern side of Europe was united with the Western side when the boundary between the two sides was eliminated. Since then and over the years, the united European community has grown larger and stronger with the incorporation and integration of more member states. The Modern EU The years between 1990 and 2000 were characterized by free practices of the single market

Monday, September 23, 2019

Balanced Whole System Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Balanced Whole System Parenting - Essay Example This essay investigates the two sides of the argument concerning banning of Red Dye #40 in order to conclude on best scientifically acceptable option. Support for those in favour of banning Red #40 is based on an association of the food colouring with symptoms such as hypersensitivity in sections of the population. It is noted that Red #40 should be banned because of its side effects that include swelling around the mouth and causing hives for those who consume food dyed by the additive. The negative effects of Red #40 have also been experienced in children who have experienced extreme emotional reactions such as hyperactivity after consumption of the dyed food. The reaction is experienced a few hours after taking food with the affected children demonstrating violent disposition or lose self-control (Borg, 2012). Yu and Scherer (2007) support this argument noting elimination of the Red Dye #40 from food has been found to reduce the levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, compulsive beh aviour and emotional difficulties. Additionally, some of the consumers buying this food and beverage with Red Dye #40 might not be aware of the effects even when there are labels indicating presence. Consequently, the most appropriate approach n dealing with the issue is banning Red Dye #40 to stop its sale in food stores. The argument against the banning of Red Dye #40 is based on refutations of some of the grounds used to call for the banning of the food-colouring additive. For instance, removal of Red Dye #40 from food should not be perceived as only means of eliminating hyperactive disorders for concerned children. This is because studies in this area have not been specific when assessing some of the symptoms.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Your objective for this assignment is to insert a significant floral Essay

Your objective for this assignment is to insert a significant floral feature into your environment and to observe and describe its impact - Essay Example Looking closely at the carnations on the table and the satisfaction I get from such a site, I would say my emotional and behavioral responses to the assignments I complete are significantly attached to them. Having watched body languages of colleagues who visit me, in addition to their cheerfulness at the site of these flowers, the reflection is simple; carnations are a healthful and natural moderator of how our moods adapt to the environment. Upon receiving these flowers, my excitement and the smile of one of my closest friends who happened to have been around during the delivery demonstrated extraordinary gratitude and delight to the vendor. The reaction was collective, age notwithstanding. The positive perception about simple things I experience in life have been enhanced since the instalment of the carnations on my table. The mood is exciting, the air is fresh, and the smell is wonderful. Soring depressions I had sitting in a quiet and dull room have subsided. Agitation and anxiety have also reduced a great deal. I wish my friends had the opportunity to spend countless hours with me in this study room to experience the relation and therapy emanating from mere product of nature. The placement method I employed in the display proves the point that the carnations symbolizes sharing. The arrangement is placed on the edge open to people who visit the room. The positive emotions need to be shared, and I believe my endeavors are perfect in lieu of wonders worth sharing. The instructions attached with the flowers helped in proper management of these delicate products. As much as new deliveries are scheduled after every two days, the outgoing bouquet still serves its purpose of bringing ambience and satisfaction to happy feelings and improved moods each and every day. Orders are made a day before the flowers the picked from the farms. Deliveries are made by

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Alternative Medicine Essay Example for Free

Alternative Medicine Essay The widespread use of alternative medicine nowadays has driven scientists to study it and understand the reasons of the high demand for unconventional treatment. According to Zollman C, and Vickers A. (1999), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) can be defined as therapeutic and diagnostic disciplines which are exogenous of the institutions where modern methods of treatment are exist and taught. Eisenberg D. (1993), defines CAM as â€Å"medical interventions which are commonly not taught at medical schools and not generally provided at hospitals in the US†. These two definitions are not fully satisfactory because, firstly, some forms of CAM which were tested by scientists and appeared to be safe and effective and found a place in conventional medical mainstream. Secondly, CAM is not about medical intervention, which means impacts of taken drugs. The majority of CAM is based on psychology, spirituality, sociology and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which make trials difficult. However, despite the fact that conventional medicine is scientific based and proven by science, many people still use alternative medicine instead or as a compliment to the modern one. Research shows that the majority of the patients at an Accident and Emergency department used to refer to some forms of CAM. (Waterbrook A.L, 2008). Other studies show that over the period of the last 20 years an increase in interest in CAM was observed. Approximately 30% of the UK population (Ernst, 1996) and almost the same in the USA (Kuhn, 1999, Wooton and Sporber, 2001) have used alternative medicine. Referring to these sources it is seen that the demand for CAM remains high nowadays; however, the importance here is not to evaluate the reasons why people still use alternative medicine but to prove or disprove the outweighing advantages of CAM over conventional medicine. The key point is to understand what there is about CAM that differentiates it from modern health care. It is argued that individuals to date embrace CAM because it meets consumer needs and provides health care without any side effects, curing an illness completely not just minimizing the pain for a short period. However, despite the popularity of CAM, the effectiveness cannot be fully trusted and thoroughly tested, whereas, conventional medicine is based on s cience study and research and scientifically proven. The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast two approaches of medical health care and to prove that advantages of modern medicine outweigh those of alternative methods of treatment in many aspects  and to show that CAM has many disadvantages which have been revealed during surveys. First of all, it is better to learn the history and some forms of unconventional medicine to have background knowledge on it. While modern medicine developed due to science evolvement, CAM always existed from many centuries ago till these days. It takes roots from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)found on herbal remedies also including psychological, spiritual aspects in their treatment. In contrast to modern medicine, TCM focuses not solely on disease but also on maladjustment of human body and whole functioning process. The most commonly used forms of CAM are herbal therapy, health food and vitamins consumption, massage, relaxation techniques, chiropractic, acupuncture and placebo (Sutherland L.M , 1994). According to the type of treatment they provide, CAM practitioners can be put into four groups, although there is no defined way of classification for unconventional treatment. The first, psychological and spiritual group comprises faith healers, mystics providing paranormal healings and those who use specific methods affecting human psychology such as hypnosis, mental imaging and laughter therapy. Those, who advice herbal remedies, vitamin and multivitamin supplements and particular diets like macrobiotic diet, are in the second, nutritional group. The drug and biologic category includes highly trained specialists in the drug, various chemicals and vaccine use. It can be injections to improve the immune system, injections of animal live cells and homeopathy. The fourth group consists of chiropractors, touch and massage therapists and acupuncturists, where treatment involves some physical forces. There are also other treatments which are problematic or incapable of being classified, such as iridology, aroma therapy and the identification of internal illness by examination of the eye iris (Rubel A, Murray R, 1992). Increasing popularity of CAM and reasons driving people to choose unconventional medicine as a compliment to conventional one or instead of it can be clearly explained. First of all, some people refuse from modern health care because of dissatisfaction with it or with the physicians, particularly when a prognosis offering no hope for a patient is announced or when a patient experiences revulsion or painful effects of treatment. Dissatisfaction with health care provider is also can be one of the reasons of using CAM. Studies at University of Limpopo revealed that patients were disappointed with attitudes of doctors. They claimed that  physicians did not provide sufficient time for consultation, some of which were only 10 to15 minutes. In addition, it is argued that health care providers behaved as if they were cognizant of everything and often not explaining about illness and not providing information about treatment (Ogunbanjo G, 2008). This might be the reason of disappointment and stimulating people to seek alternative treatments. On the contrary, approach of homeopaths was likely to be preferred by patients. According to the research done by professor Gboyega Ocunbanjo at University of Limpopo (2008), relationship between patient and CAM practitioner played more crucial role what than type of treatment was used. Homeopaths supported patients not only physically but morally, they spent more time on discussion of the problem than mainstream medicine doctors did, relationship was person-to-per son, rather than patient and physician (Ogunbanjo G, 2008). Consequently, the patients felt themselves more independent and respected by practitioners and made further visits. However, results of this study revealed no potential advantage of CAM, but only psychological aspect of it. It showed significance of relationship between CAM practitioner and patient and moral support given by homeopaths, missing any proofs on real treatment of alternative medicine. Other studies also showed that reasons of switching to CAM depended more on personal belief in paranormal, extra-sensory and spirituality rather than dissatisfaction with conventional medicine. Survey held by Custers K et al (2009), exposed that preference of CAM was based more on paranormal belief among general public than attitudes towards science. Many CAM practitioners prevailed that alternative therapies disobey severe restrictions of reductionist research. They state that their services are individualized, natural, taking into account mental and social aspects, rather than just the symptoms of illness, and justify a radical change in the approach of surveys. However, these arguments are built on misinterpretations, and often dealing with the obstacles requires giving the meaning of the research question and afterward obtaining optimal research equipment which corresponds it. For instance, randomized controlled clinical trials are the least prejudiced approach for discovering a genuine answer, if some form of CAM is aimed to be tested for effectiveness (Ernst E, 2000). Still the central question occurs there designed to establish the future role of the CAM in the mainstream health care. Each form of CAM must be  tested by scientists, because some of them are harmless but others not and some are effective, whereas others can be pure placebos and even dangerous for human health.In 1992, an Office of Alternative Medicine was established in the National Institutes of Health to test unconventional remedies. Results were no comforting, because 28 methods of treatment out of 30 research grants that the office gave have had outcome in â€Å"final reports† in 1993 (National Institutes of Health, 1992). However, probably after six years Medline search found that only 9 of the 28 research grants were published. Five of them were in two journals which are not in the list of the 3500 journal titles in Countway library of Medicine’s collection (Chou C.K, McDougall J.A, Ahn C, Voru N, 1997). None of the remained four alternative remedies was teste d by clinical trial that would allow making any summary on the efficacy of a complementary treatment (Reid S.A, Duke L.M, Allen J.B, 1998). Another research hold by Ernst E (2000), revealed the failure of more than 100 different alternative therapies recommended for treatment of asthma. Ideology of CAM intentionally disregards biologic mechanism, often discredits modern science and bases on ancient practices and herbal remedies which are in some way considered being at the same time more effective and less hazardous than modern methods of treatment. Before 20th century, majority of herbal remedies were botanicals, obtained from plants. For instance, purple foxglove was discovered to fight edema, the opium poppy to be helpful for cough, pain and diarrhea, and cinchona bark to reduce fever. However, human cost for taking therapies with botanicals was great, because, firstly, they had negative impacts on human body, causing another illness. Secondly, doses of botanicals were random, due to unknown amount of active components (Angell M, 1998). More significant, most of herbal remedies did not work at all, and some even were dangerous or might cause death. One could only distinguish between advantageous and ineffective or toxic botanicals through anecdotes received by word of mouth (Angell M, 1998). The beginning of the 20th century brought dramatic changes to human healthcare due to huge advance in medical science. The foundation of methods of the identification and purification of the active components in botanicals made their efficacy and safeness greater. After morphine was released from opium poppy, digitalis from the purple foxglove and quinine from cinchona bark, treatment became effective without harming human body  and other functions (Angell M, 1998). Further of medical advances are remarkable. As example, treatments with heparin, aspirin, beta-adrenergic blockers and thrombolytic agents have decreased mortal rate from myocardial infarction; nucleoside analogues and a protease inhibitor combination can repel the origins of AIDS in people with HIV; childhood leukemia in most cases can be cured by a cocktail of cytotoxic drugs. In addition, the beginning of the 21st century was the key period of invention of vaccines fighting many epidemic scourges, such as poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, hepatitis B and some forms of pneumococcal pneumonia, including the foundation of efficient an tibiotics curing many other health problems (Coppes et al, 1998). To support these statements, it is seen that United States has experienced dramatic increase in the life expectancy of the country, approximately by three decades. Partly, the reason for that is better sanitation and living standards, but mostly, due to advances in health care (Coppes et al, 1998). One may state that conventional medicine also based on anecdotes, which are published in peer-reviewed journals. However, these case reports are completely different from the anecdotes of CAM. Journals publishing about modern medicine are reviewed and assessed by experts. Hence, they describe well-structured new opening in a defined terms. If, for instance, a journal received paper of a patient’s recovery from pancreas cancer after taking rhubarb diet, publishers would demand documentation of illness and its scope. They would ask for other patients, who did not regain after rhubarb diet, and might propose trying testing the method on other diseased people. After the results of these and other requirements are satisfactory, journal might publish a case report – not as an announcement of a treatment, but as a suggestion of a hypothesis th at ought to be tested in a formal clinical trial. In contrast to modern medicine, anecdotes about unconventional treatments lack such documentation and peer-reviewing as they are usually published in magazines and books for public reading (Angell M, 1998). Angell M, (1998) argues that herbal remedies may also be sold without any knowledge of their mechanism of action. According to DiPoalo and his colleagues’ report (1998), herbal mixture named PC-SPES, where PC stands for prostate cancer and spes is the Latin word for â€Å"hope†, has sufficient estrogenic activity. Estrogens are defined as a group of any steroid hormone, which activate changes in female  reproductive system, after which female secondary sexual typical features develop in human (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/estrogen, 2011). Despite this, PC-SPES is still sold as helping patients’ immune system, who have prostate cancer which is disobedient to estrogen treatment (Alternative Medicine Digest, 1997). Consequently, a lot of men receiving PC-SPES have taken uncertain quantity of hormonal treatment without being informed. Complementary and alternative medicine is not always cheap and may even require more expenditure than conventional medicine. Researches in 1984 estimated that patients’ annual expenditure on unconventional health care was 10 bill ion dollars in the US (Subcommittee on Health and Long-Term Care of the Select Committee on Aging, 1984) and the results of the surveyin 1997 showed 1.6 billion pounds annual expenditure in the UK on CAM (White A, Resch K, Ernst E, 1997). According to Eisenberg et al (1998), 1990s research results estimated that number of visits to CAM practitioners in the US was 425 million, whereas number of call on to conventional health care providers was 388 million in the same year. Annual expenditure on CAM was approximately $ 13.7 billion, in compare to $12.8 billion spent annually on whole hospitalizations in the US in 1990. Another survey held in the US in 1997 considered out-of-pocket expenditure on alternative medicine to be $27 billion which was equal to out-of-pocket expenditure for all modern medicine services (Eisenberg et al, 1998). Indeed, some forms of alternative medicine are more expensive than modern health care. One reason for that might be individual approach of the practitioners towards patients. Homeopaths may receive high fees from patients visiting them. Second reason can be increasing belief in CAM among people, which drives them to use it more and try other alternative remedies. Individuals start to recei ve herbal treatments, consult homeopaths and visit CAM practitioners very regularly, including them into their lifestyle, which is costly in the long-run. To conclude, it is seen that CAM has many disadvantages in compare to conventional medicine, which depends on science and study research. First of all, most forms of CAM failed clinical trials as being hazardous, ineffective and some even being able to cause death in particular cases. Secondly, botanicals such as opium poppy and purple foxglove helped to cure cough and edema, respectively, at the same time destroying human body due to content of active toxic components. In addition, CAM is based on anecdotes,  which are received by word of mouth or published or books for public reading. It cannot be fully trusted, because of not being tested or failure in formal clinical trials. One cannot be sure in efficacy of alternative medicine, as the case with PC-SPES, which despite containing great amount of estrogens is sold to prostate cancer diseased people till these days. Ultimately, research revealed that annual expenditure on CAM was higher than for conventional medicine in the UK an d the US. In contrast, modern medicine is scientifically proven and provides only those treatments which passed clinical trials. The treatments are published only in peer-reviewed journals and are not announced as a cure, but are suggested as possible treatment. Conventional medicine can be trusted and it shows real treatment. The most significant advantage of conventional health care is the increase in the life expectancy of people due to advance in medicine. Also, illnesses which had no cure in the past, like child leukemia, heart related diseases and most forms asthma can be treated now. Therefore, there should be no alternative to modern medicine, because advantages of it are clear, while there is still discussion on unconventional medicine. Some forms of CAM might be used as compliment to conventional medicine, but not as alternative to it. People should be more informed about CAM and its inefficiency to provide effective and safe health care as modern medicine does.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Impacts of Climate Change on Global Food Security

Impacts of Climate Change on Global Food Security Amanda McDonald Earth, Environment and Society â€Å"The potential impacts of climate change on global food security go well beyond its effects on crop and livestock production. They ramify into bigger questions about economic access to food and social and political stability.† In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly synthesized a document titled ‘The Universal Declaration of Human Rights’. This document outlined the basic rights that all citizens, regardless of nationality, race, gender, or any other characteristic, are inherently entitled to. Article 25 of the declaration addresses the right to Food Security, â€Å"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The Declaration of Human Rights 1948). This declaration, being recognized by over 50 countries, exemplifies what a vital concern food security is for all nations and peoples. However, since 1948 the idea of food security has evolved. There are more factors that play into security and more damaging results due to increased globalization and population size. The principle risk to food security is climate change. Of course, small-scale agricultural and livestock production are adversely affected in many regions, but the effects of climate change, on a global scale are extremely detrimental. The World Health organization defines food security as being when, â€Å"all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life† (1966). As the impacts of climate change increase it will become increasingly difficult to achieve this goal. The Fifth Assessment by the IPCC (2014) offers a valuable explanation as to why food security is a growing concern. â€Å"Climate change threatens human security because it undermines livelihoods, compromises culture and individual identity, increases migration that people w ould rather have avoided, and because it can undermine the ability of states to provide the conditions necessary for human security. â€Å" Areas of the world that are isolated, either geographically or in terms of globalization typically have lower levels of income and national infrastructure that provide services and support. These factors amplify the harmful effects of having insecure food sources. When people are unsure of where their meals will come from, the instability can result in other reactions. These could take the shape of political uprisings, economic strife, or even starvation. There are already instances of this theory being demonstrated in countries around the world. India has recently experienced increased growth in their economy and food production, but there is still an alarmingly high rate of under-nourished citizens. On a small-scale, this is due to social inequality, political strife and few services, but when looking at the bigger picture, there is evidence that increased temperatures, unstable precipitation patterns and more extreme weather events are contributing to food insecurity. â€Å"The Gangotri glacier is already retreating at a rate of 30 meters a year. An increase in rainfall is simulated over the eastern region of India but the north-western deserts may see a small decrease in the absolute amount of rainfall. Diseases for human, crops and animals are on the rise. There is risk of continuous fall in productivity and production† (Hans 2014). When these factors combine, it is a ticking time-bomb until people attack their governments due to limited sources of food. The Maoist insurgency recently experienced in India, referred to by the Prime Minister, Manmoham Singh as being, â€Å"the single biggest internal security challenge faced by the country† has been attributed to hunger (Wade 2011). The Maoists (followers of communist ideologies), represent the interests of the indigenous locals and poverty-stricken families of rural India. They believe that these people have been ignored by the government for too long and are fighting for the fair allotment of resources. Their methods of achieving their goals are extremely violent and controversial, but it could be argued that they have noble aims. When people are starving, extreme measures are taken for survival (BBC 2011). It is inevitable that climate change will lead to reduced production of food, and this will also impact food prices, and who will be able to purchase different foods. Logically, people with more money will have more food security, and poor people will begin to suffer. Poorer communities spend the majority of their money on staple foods, because they cannot grow their own, so they will have to find ways to pay for higher food prices (Pritchard 421). When the prices of cereal foods were raised in 2011, over 44 million people were forced into poverty, according to the World Bank. This number persists well into 2015. Without mitigation, examples of these violent uprisings will continue to surface all over the globe. If we assume that the effects of climate change will continue to persist, and that the global population will continue to grow, it is wise to invest in adaptive strategies for food production. Adaptive efforts will cross-sect types of people, careers and priorities. There is no, single group of people who have to ‘deal’ with this. The changes implemented will affect everyone from rich to poor, powerful to weak, westernized to developing. Many farmers have invested time and research into diversifying their crops and livestock and investing in new technologies and insurance programs. For example, drought and flood resistant crops are being planted, drip irrigation is being utilized to limit water waste, and rotational grazing is improving soil health. These are just a small sampling of the simple yet effective innovations happening now. Climate change is one of, if not the greatest, threat to food security. The level of severity vastly differs depending on location and stability of the region, but it is undeniable, that increased populations and mounting tensions will result in unfavorable results is adaptive measures are not put in place. The future is uncertain, but to ensure the security of humanity, it is vital that we protect our environmental resources and focus on supporting more just societies. We can due this through education, supporting local leaders, and improving public services, and swiftly creating and implementing policy that facilitates positive change. These changes will result in reduced hunger, and ultimately, in a more peaceful world. Reference List: (IPCC) Adger,W.N., J.M. Pulhin, J. Barnett, G.D. Dabelko, G.K. Hovelsrud, M. Levy, Ú. Oswald Spring, and C.H. Vogel, 2014: Human security. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 755-791. BBC News Profile: Indias Maoist rebels. 2015.BBC News Profile: Indias Maoist rebels. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12640645. Hans, V. Basil,ImpactofClimateChangeonIndianAgriculture(May 12, 2014). Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2435739orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2435739 421; Pritchard, B. (2014) The problem of higher food prices for impoverished people in the rural global South, Australian Geographer, 45:4, 419-427 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2015.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/. Wade, Matthew, Deadliest form of food fight. (2011).Deadliest form of food fight. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.smh.com.au/world/deadliest-form-of-food-fight-20110626-1glvg.html.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Modern Art of Glass Bottles Essays -- Artwork

Did you hear about the two little boys who found themselves in a modern art gallery by mistake? "Quick," said one, "Run! Before they say we did it!" Although this may be a hilarious slap your knee joke, I believe this depicts how society feels about modern art. As a popular saying goes â€Å"’Modern art’ is produced by incompetents, sold by charlatans, and bought by ignoramuses!† Why such the skepticism towards current art? Why do art historians and renowned scholars set new art aside in favor of a Monet or Rembrandt? Is the importance of modern art so infinitesimal that it is reduced to child’s play? Or, better yet, is contemporary art worthy enough to be art? Meandering through the Lowe Art Museum, I constantly find myself attracted to the Modern Art section of the museum like a magnet to a refrigerator. More specifically, I am attracted to the piece entitled Shattered Illusions. Shattered Illusions consists of five glass bottles: glass bottles that looked as if they have been around for centuries and endured extensive use by multiple people. The bottles have a yellow tint symptomatic of aging and rigid holes that suggest previous use. Inside of each of these average-sized bottles are figures that represent humans. Each bottle has a different figure; for instance, two of the bottles contain what seem to be females and the other three males. Each figure is tangled helplessly in this relentless coil that protrudes from every direction imaginable like there is no end or hope in sight. The coil wraps around the figures’ extremities, midsection, and neck wanting to choke the life right out of them. In each bottle the figures are struggling with the desire to escape, but not everyone is set free. The center bottle has... ...and mysterious but as Gladwell states â€Å"It is one thing to acknowledge the enormous power of snap judgments and thin slices but quite another to place our trust in something so seemingly mysterious† (51). Art has no set characterization so therefore no one could declare whether or not something is art. Art is left up to perception of the viewer and not the opinion of the critic; in quintessence art is indefinable—that is the beauty! Works Cited Esaak, Shelley. â€Å"What Is Art?† Art History. About .com. 29 Sept. 2006 Read, Herbert. Art Now. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1968. Requadt, Water E. â€Å"Modern Sculpture: Art or Incompetence?† What Is Art? 2006. 29 Sept. 2006 Richardson, Tony and Nikos Stangos. Concepts of Art. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Augustines God Vs. Epictetus God :: essays research papers

At first glance, I was immediatly inclined to argue in epictetus' favor, because it pains me to argue that Christianity is good for anybody. In the following paragraphs, i will contrast the God of Epictetus, and the God of Augustine, and in the end, my stand will be clear. Epictetus and Augustine both identify God on basic level. Epictetus says, "Where the essence of God is, there too is the essence of good. What is the essence of God?......Right Reason? Certainly. Here then, without more ado, seek the essence of good." He says strive for goodness, live in conformity with it, and you will find God. God is the vital force that creates all things and the cosmic intellegence that governs it from within. Augustine says: "Where I found truth, there i found my God, who is truth itself." He says strive for truth and understanding...In loving God, we love truth. Persons can come to know truth though inner experience and conviction, he holds that you can't obtain true knowledge without faith. you must have faith in God, who is the essence of all truth. Both philosophers address man's powerlessness in the face of God. Epictetus asserted that humans are basically limited and irrational beings, but that the universe, ruled by God through pure reason, is perfect. Because human beings can neither know nor control their destiny, they must cease striving for the attainment of worldly ends and pleasures and instead calmly accept the fact of their own powerlessness before fate. The only thing in a person's power is their response to events or outlook, namely, their morality. Augustine believed faith preceded reason. He believed people are good, but not perfect. But in Augustinean theology, each person is predestined to either heaven, or to fry like bacon, and there's nothing you can do about it. Salvation is a "free gift" with purchase, but only to every 7,000th caller. This is where i would think morality means squat. If you know God decided when you were born whether or not you were going to heaven, nothing you do makes any difference. You can step all over everbody, and run with scissors and it doesn't matter. If you go to hell, you were going there anyway. If you're going to heaven, you've got a few good stories to tell when you get there. On top of all this, Augustine says that no human mind can penetrate the mystery of of God's wisdom.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Ban a Pit bull, Save a Life: Why the Ontario Ban against Pit bull Terri

â€Å"Mom! Mom! The dogs got Cody. The dogs got Cody† (Vancouver Sun, 2007). Just a few days after Christmas in 2004, these are the cries that awoke Sheri Fontaine. Fontaine raced from her bed into the living room to find her three-year old son, Cody Fontaine, savaged by the dogs that were staying temporarily in her house. Tragically, young Cody did not survive the attack. A young life taken, a mother’s life ruined. Sadly, this story is not as uncommon as one of violence against people, they exhibit highly stubborn characteristics that make them difficult to control, and such bans have proven to be extremely effective. In 2005, the Ontario Liberal government passed The Dog Owner’s Liability Act: a ban against pit bull terriers in the province. After the bill passed, Attorney General Michael Bryant said, â€Å"Mark my words, Ontario will be safer† (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). The legislation prevented people from acquiring a number of breeds of dogs that would be classified as pit bulls. In addition, Ontario residents who already owned a pit bull terrier prior to the ban were required to neuter and muzzle their animals. Such policies against this breed of animal are not unprecedented. In fact, similar laws are already in place in Britain, France and Germany. In Canada, Winnipeg has had a ban against pit bull terriers in place for 20 years (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). Ontario and other regions have imposed these sanctions because the evidence clearly indicates that pit bull terriers pose a much higher than average risk to people. Pit bull terriers have a long track record of attacks against people and animals. A 1987 study of a particularly savage attack against a child was documented by four doctors in the hopes... ... An Analysis of the Pit bull Terrier Controversy. Anthrozoos, 2-8. Raghavan, M. (2008). Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. The Canadian Verterinary Journal, 577– 581. Ruryk, Z. (2008, March 2). One endangered species: But pit bull attacks are down. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Toronto Sun: http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2008/03/02/4887415-sun.html Smith, C. (2009, April 9). Media coverage of Surrey pit bull attack prompts protest by Vancouver pit bull owners. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Straight.com: http://www.straight.com/article- 213929/media-coverage-surrey-pit-bull-attack-prompts-protest-vancouver-pit-bull-owners Vancouver Sun. (2007, February 6). Kids' cries woke mom of boy, 3, killed by dogs' bites. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Canada.com: http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a79e501c-14a2-4964-aa02- f9a5ab25d2a5 Ban a Pit bull, Save a Life: Why the Ontario Ban against Pit bull Terri â€Å"Mom! Mom! The dogs got Cody. The dogs got Cody† (Vancouver Sun, 2007). Just a few days after Christmas in 2004, these are the cries that awoke Sheri Fontaine. Fontaine raced from her bed into the living room to find her three-year old son, Cody Fontaine, savaged by the dogs that were staying temporarily in her house. Tragically, young Cody did not survive the attack. A young life taken, a mother’s life ruined. Sadly, this story is not as uncommon as one of violence against people, they exhibit highly stubborn characteristics that make them difficult to control, and such bans have proven to be extremely effective. In 2005, the Ontario Liberal government passed The Dog Owner’s Liability Act: a ban against pit bull terriers in the province. After the bill passed, Attorney General Michael Bryant said, â€Å"Mark my words, Ontario will be safer† (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). The legislation prevented people from acquiring a number of breeds of dogs that would be classified as pit bulls. In addition, Ontario residents who already owned a pit bull terrier prior to the ban were required to neuter and muzzle their animals. Such policies against this breed of animal are not unprecedented. In fact, similar laws are already in place in Britain, France and Germany. In Canada, Winnipeg has had a ban against pit bull terriers in place for 20 years (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). Ontario and other regions have imposed these sanctions because the evidence clearly indicates that pit bull terriers pose a much higher than average risk to people. Pit bull terriers have a long track record of attacks against people and animals. A 1987 study of a particularly savage attack against a child was documented by four doctors in the hopes... ... An Analysis of the Pit bull Terrier Controversy. Anthrozoos, 2-8. Raghavan, M. (2008). Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. The Canadian Verterinary Journal, 577– 581. Ruryk, Z. (2008, March 2). One endangered species: But pit bull attacks are down. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Toronto Sun: http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2008/03/02/4887415-sun.html Smith, C. (2009, April 9). Media coverage of Surrey pit bull attack prompts protest by Vancouver pit bull owners. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Straight.com: http://www.straight.com/article- 213929/media-coverage-surrey-pit-bull-attack-prompts-protest-vancouver-pit-bull-owners Vancouver Sun. (2007, February 6). Kids' cries woke mom of boy, 3, killed by dogs' bites. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Canada.com: http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a79e501c-14a2-4964-aa02- f9a5ab25d2a5

Monday, September 16, 2019

Literature Local and Foriegn Essay

The story is told in flashbacks as Emilio Aguinaldo thanks the US government for giving him the opportunity to attend the full restoration of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946. The film begins with his capture by Philippine and US forces under Frederick Funston’s command in 1901, then flashes back to 1886, when an old woman gives Aguinaldo and childhood friend Candido Tirona cryptic prophecies. Ten years later, Aguinaldo is inducted into the Katipunan and later assumes leadership of its Cavite chapter while becoming mayor of Cavite El Viejo. When trouble breaks out in Manila in late August 1896, Aguinaldo tries to assure the Spanish provincial government of non-interference and covertly marshals his forces despite a lack of weapons. Learning that the Spanish mostly put their forces in Manila, Aguinaldo finally mobilizes his troops and take the fight to Spanish troops in Cavite. As the rebels gain ground in Cavite and several provinces, its Magdalo and Magdiwang factions convene to elect a provisional government. Andres Bonifacio oversees the Tejeros Convention, which elects Aguinaldo as president, Mariano Trias as vice-president, and himself as interior minister. He storms out of the convention when Daniel Tirona objects to his election. Aguinaldo’s brother Crispulo informs him of his accession and convinces him to leave his troops just as he was seeking to defend against the Spaniards at Pasong Santol. The rebels are defeated and Crispulo is killed. Meanwhile, an embittered Bonifacio establishes his own revolutionary government and is later arrested. Aguinaldo is concerned about Bonifacio’s actions and wanted him exiled, but the War Council advises his execution. Several months later, Aguinaldo leaves Cavite with most of his forces intact and makes it to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan, where he signs the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and heads for Hong Kong. There he meets with US officials who approach him with offers of support and recognition of a new Philippine Republic amidst the Spanish-American War. Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines and formally declares independence from Spain. As the Malolos Congress convenes, Felipe Agoncillo tries to represent the new nation at the Treaty of Paris negotiations, but gets stonewalled at every turn even as US forces gradually arrive in the Philippines. The Philippine-American War breaks out in February 1899 and Antonio Luna is appointed commander of all Filipino troops. He is assassinated three months later and the Filipino troops are gradually routed by the Americans. As a result, Aguinaldo’s forces travel all over northern Luzon to escape the Americans. General Gregorio del Pilar volunteers to lead some troops in holding them off at Tirad Pass and buy Aguinaldo time to get away. His loyal courier is later captured by the Americans while getting some medicine for his son. Now aware of Aguinaldo’s hideout, Funston plans his capture. Having been made to accept US rule over the Philippines, Aguinaldo lives a quiet life, which is marred by Hilaria’s passing in 1921. He meets and marries Felipe Agoncillo’s niece Maria in 1930. Over the next few decades, the couple witness Philippine history unfold once more as he is defeated in the 1935 presidential elections, Japanese occupation and the restoration of full independence. In 1962, an elderly Aguinaldo and his wife comfort each other over President Diosdado Macapagal’s decree to restore the actual date of the Philippine declaration of independence. In his final hours, the same woman who gave him his prophecy appears to him one more time. The movie is partly based on Aguinaldo’s Memoirs of the Revolution. Writer-director Mark Meily states that the project had its genesis back in 1998. Over the intervening years, careful research was made in order to accurately portray Aguinaldo’s life, especially facts that have been glossed over in history books. These include his conduct over the trial of the Bonifacio brothers and his other actions during the Revolution. Meily himself was brought into the project as director after Ejercito pledged never to work with original director Tikoy Aguiluz because of their rift over editing Manila Kingpin. Shooting took place over 43 days at select locations in Cavite, Laguna, and Bulacan, with the Las Casas Filipinas de Azucar in Bataan substituting for urban scenes. Critical reception The movie garnered mixed reviews. The Philippines’ Cinema Evaluation Board graded the film at A. [5] Phillip Cu-Unjieng of the Philippine Star said it â€Å"vividly recaptures† one of the Philippines’ most turbulent periods in history by exposing the infighting among the Katipunan’s members and how Aguinaldo wanted to resolve them. He noted that the film’s quality makes it almost stand out as much as Richard Attenborough’s Gandhi, Steven Spielberg’s Lincoln, and Martin Scorsese’s The Aviator. [6] Philibert Ortiz-Dy said making the film was tricky, but dragged towards the end. [7] The movie garnered most of the awards at the 2012 Metro Manila Film Festival, winning the plums for Second Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Cesar Montano), Youth Choice Award, Best Float, Best Sound, Best Musical Score, and Best Make-up.[8] Columnist and radio show host Jessica Zafra, however, was critical of the movie’s treatment. She said the depiction of Bonifacio’s death raised questions about its authenticity. She added that the film itself â€Å"does Emilio Aguinaldo a disservice by portraying him as a victim of circumstance† and even highlighted the â€Å"amnesia† prevalent among contemporary Filipinos.

Supervised Industrial Training

On the job training or OJT is one method by which students is given a chance to apply the theories and computations that they have learned from the school. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting. Colleges and universities require their students to undergo such training within a specific number of hours as part of the curriculum. For the students, an OJT or internship program provides opportunities to go through the actual methodologies of a specific job using the real tools, equipments and documents. In effect, the workplace becomes a development venue for a student trainee to learn more about his chosen field and practice what he has learn from academy. On the other hand, an effective OJT program also benefits the companies who accept trainees. First OJT or intern provides additional manpower for a lesser labor cost than a regular employee. Most of them are all eager to learn the ropes so chances are high that they will cooperate. Employers can use this internship strategy as a method in recruiting new employees. Since the trainer or the supervisor can follow the trainees’ progress, he can gauge based on performance, behavior and attitude if the trainee will make a good recruit after the completion of his internship. OJT’s can bring fresh ideas into the organization. Given the opportunity tospeak their minds freely and without fear, they maybe able to contributesignificantly in brainstorming sessions or research and eventually help improvethe organizations productivity. While training the interns, employers are in factalso teaching their employees to process of guiding the trainees stretches theirpatience, develops teaching skills and makes them more sensitive to the needsand mind set of the younger generation. The course of supervision also teachesthem how to share what they know and be receptive to questions. Hence, theinternship also becomes an avenue in training for future managers of the company.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

External Enviroment

Question 1 The external environment of a firm plays a very important role in the operations of the organization. Why is it important for organization in the Pacific to learn and know about what is happening in their external environment? Use examples to explain a least 5 elements in the external environment. The business dictionary defines external environment as conditions, entities, events, and factors surrounding an organization that influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks.From this definition we can identify that external environment plays a vital role in the operations of organization. For an organization in the Pacific to maintain its longevity and productivity in the competitive world of business it is very important to be alert and attentive to the world surrounding it in terms of entities, events, and factors surrounding it that will influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks thus maintain its compe titive edge. Technological Element The organization must be technologically efficient.Computers are now the main mode of communication. It knows no barrier. It travels through time and space, continents, companies and what not. A press of a button from Fiji can enable you to communicate with someone thousand and thousand of kilometers away living in United Kingdom. It is very important that they invest in technology through equipment, training and recruitment to be able to impact in the economy. â€Å"Never before in history has innovation offered promise of so much to so many in so short a time. †Ã‚   –Bill Gates (http://voices. ahoo. com/great-technology-quotes-sayings-5759728. html? cat=15) â€Å"The medium, or process, of our time – electric technology is reshaping and restructuring patterns of social interdependence and every aspect of our personal life. It is forcing us to reconsider and re-evaluate practically every thought, every action,†Ã‚   â₠¬â€œMarshall McLuhan (http://voices. yahoo. com/great-technology-quotes-sayings-5759728. html? cat=15) Eg. The use of ATMs (Automated Teller Machines) by commercial banks in the region has made banking effective and efficient.No longer have people be involved in long lines wait to be served. The work of two to three people have been made easier by a single machine. In a Fiji Times interview the ANZ Bank CEO Vishnu Mohan explained that, [1]ANZ customers can now carry out quick and timely automatic teller machine (ATM) transactions. . Economic Element The organization must also be aware of economic development, events and activities regionally and globally. ———————– [1] (Fiji Times, 3rd October, 2012, ATM Upgrade)

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Pesticides and their environmental impact Essay

Introduction Pesticides are chemicals or organic substances that have been designed to prevent pests, weeds or diseases in agricultural production and other places where public health is of paramount importance. Pesticides are very important in agricultural production because they control vermin that would otherwise lead production losses during growth and the storage. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003). Various researches have continued to indicate that farmers stand to loose about a third of the crop field if pesticides are not used as a control measure. This would have catastrophic effect on food security across the globe. Thus pesticides play a major role in food production. However the handling and the usage of the pesticides has continued to have long lasting effect on the environment including the flora and fauna. (Hamilton D & Crossley S   2004). Since 2500 BC farmers used biological means to control various pests. It was the safest method even though not the most effective. The farm products treated by biological pesticides  Ã‚   did not have any side effects to the consumers who used these products. However after the agrarian revolution, an increasing number of farmers started using artificial pesticides that were more suitable for the increased scale of agricultural production. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003).   There are different types of pesticides depending on the target pests; insecticides help to control insects, bactericide control bacteria and fungicides control fungi. We also have synthetic pesticides that are artificially produced in factories. DDT is always listed as one of the most effective pesticides yet the most environmental destructive which led to its eventual ban in 1939 in over 98 countries. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003). Environmental Effects The environment is always contaminated when pesticides are applied on crops. During the process of application it has been known that some amounts of pesticides vaporize and are later deposited in the soil or other waterways by rainfall. (Hamilton D & Crossley S   2004). Pesticides present in ground water or drinking water has great impact and is both costly and problematic to control. For example the total concentration of pesticide residues in many ground water supplies in the EU countries exceeds the maximum permissible concentration. In the US the situation is the same and research done on about 68,000 wells revealed that about 9,000 of these wells were indeed contaminated with the residues, which exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency standards (EPA) for water meant for drinking. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003) Contaminated water is very harmful to animals, vital microorganisms in the soil, and extremely dangerous for the marine ecosystem. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003) Pesticides and Wildlife Wildlife by nature do not discriminate in their eating and drinking habits, thus when the pesticides residues find their way to the areas where the wildlife is bound to exist then it poses great danger as they may lead to a slow but sure death of the animals. A very good example is the death of flamingoes and other bird species in the Kenyan lake Nakuru. These deaths were as a result of the excessive use of pesticides in the upstream waterway that feed the lake with water. (Watson, D 2004).   Greater effects have also been recorded amongst various bee and bird species that are very important in the pollination processes. A good example of this effect was also recorded in the US and Europe between 1950 and 1970 when the dramatic decline in the population of the birds of prey was attributed to the organochlorine pesticide that was POPs. The use of DDT was found to break down to DDE, chemical that was responsible for the cause of eggshell thinning that resulted to the crushing of the eggs leading to the failure of the breeding cycle of the birds of prey that also included the fish-eating birds. http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Another pesticide aspect that has led to the decline in the bird populations is when they have reduced the existence of certain weeds in various arable fields. The weeds play a very significant role in providing the birds with seeds and insects for food, thus when they are decimated then it affects the bird’s food chain. The great decline of the grey partridge is directly attributed to the use of herbicides that change the availability of the food supply.  Ã‚   http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Until recently a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide called cypermethrin was commonly used in sheep dips across the UK and had adverse effect on the environment. The greatest impact was realized in the marine life where a vast number of various aquatic invertebrates were killed. http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ In fish the residues are consumed resulting to the bioaccumulation of the pesticides in the birds of prey that eat this fish. Such pesticides as dieldrin   and aldrin were directly blamed for the decline in the deaths and population decline of birds of prey. However it is worth noting that in areas where the usage of the chemicals is prohibited the population of the birds species has recorded remarkable increase. http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Health Effects Workers in the manufacturing companies are at great dangers of developing various other complications while handling the manufacturing processes. Sometimes the workers lack adequate protection and are therefore exposed to the chemicals that are highly carcinogenic. Farmers and other pesticide handlers are the most exposed people to the dangers of the pesticides. (Watson, D 2004). Organophosphates are less harmful to the environment  Ã‚   compared to organ chlorine pesticides. The pesticides can cause abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, nausea, as well as skin and eye problems. When pesticides are used for a long time they can also cause respiratory problems, memory disorder, cancer, neurological deficit and in women who are exposed so much to the pesticides it can cause miscarriages and birth defects when pregnant. (Walter A. et.al.2005) Consumers Most of the crops planted by big scale farmers are very harmful to the consumers because these farmers use the pesticides for cultivation processes. Fruits and vegetables contain the pesticides residues making them harmful to the consumers. Due to these residues, the maximum Residue limits has recommended some standards for individual pesticides food to be used. The EPA has set tolerances that detect the toxicity of the residues and amount of pesticide application that remain in food before it is marketed and prepared. The tolerance level is obtained using scientific assessments that manufactures are required to produce before a particular pesticide can be registered. (Walter A. et.al.2005) The study published in 1993 showed that the infants and children are exposed to pesticides through their diet, while in the US the study shows that pesticide residues in food cause causes of cancer. (Watson, D 2004). The pesticide residue has been a major concern in the US making it possible in 1996 to begin a program known as United States Department of Agriculture to allow its food to be tested for different types of pesticides. The program allowed the test of different vegetables and fruits commonly eaten for example: Apple, Lettuce, Pears and Oranges. To avoid the entire health problem, the consumer can wash, peel, cook and even trim the fat from meat and eat variety of food to avoid long-term exposure to pesticide. The consumer is also advised to buy organic food. (Walter A. et.al.2005) Pesticides are generally exposed to the general public some of the pesticides are very harmful and because they lack proper handling instructions pose great dangers not only to the users but also to the public at large. According to various studies, various pesticides have severe effects on young children and cause leukemia. Organophosphate can cause infliction to the nerve cells and may lead to low birth weights. This is because when pregnant women are exposed to the pesticides they have a very high chance of affecting the uterus and the child carried in the womb. (Walter A. et.al.2005)   With the development of new technology most pesticides are becoming obsolete and other better methods are being used as form of pest control such technologies are being developed in such countries as Bangladesh, Indonesia and Mexico. To reduce health and environmental risks, biological and botanical methods are being  Ã‚   developed and applicators are advised to adopt other methods other than the use of chemical pesticides. For example farming methods like polyculture where by you grow multiple types of plants or even planting crops where the pests that damage the plants do not exist (crop rotation) if not you can adopt the US style of spraying the pests with hot water or the release of natural predators. Interfering with insect’s production can be accomplished by sterilizing males so that there is no production of the off springs. All this methods have been achieved in Indonesia and Sweden thus making their environment very friendly not only to human beings but also to their crops and animals. (Hond, Frank et.al.2003). Conclusion Pesticides have been of great use especially in the production of food to sustain the ever-increasing world population. Most of the pesticides have significant side effects on the environment and have continued to cause untold damage to the ecosystem. In the developed world the governments have continued to institute very strict measures that have seen the banning of the usage most of such products. The producers realizing the challenges they face in these regions have opted to switch their operations to the third world countries where the regimes lack the necessary infrastructure or legislation to control the use of the said products. Thus the dangers have been shifted from the first worlds to the poor third world countries, which are left to bear the brunt of the pesticides. First world countries have the responsibility of protecting the world from the effects of the pesticides because they are the largest producers.    Work cited Hamilton, Denis; Crossley, Stephen (2004). Pesticide residues in food and drinking water. J. Wiley. Hond, Frank et.al. (2003). Pesticides: problems, improvements, alternatives. Blackwell Science. Pesticides-and-the-environment: Retrieved on 11th April from http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/ Walter A. Alarcon, et.al. (2005) Pesticides and the Environment. â€Å"Acute Illnesses Associated With Pesticide Exposure at Schools†. Journal of the American Medical Association Watson, David H. (2004). Pesticide, veterinary and other in food residues: woodhead Publishing

Friday, September 13, 2019

THE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY (STS) MUSEUM Essay

THE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY (STS) MUSEUM - Essay Example The scientists argue that the adoption and use of the developed equipment might lead to the eruption of other challenges as some groups of people might go against the processes. A visit to the museum and the observation of the various archived equipment therein acquaints visitors with information about the shortcomings that would befall the human society if such things were non-existing. The observations drawn from the research undertaken at the museum’s images implies the possibility of developing alternative services that would enhance the social standards of living. For example, studies depict that the use of wind turbines can serve towards the production of renewable energy whose demand and use would lead to the implementation of environmentally friendly energy production practices. In that context, the science and technology approach chosen after viewing the discoveries presented in the museum acquaints the research process with chances of success since an alternative evaluation acknowledges the incorporation of the Tornado Chaser to the power turbines as capable of producing energy. The scholars concerned with developing the equipment acknowled ge that the development of over 100,000 structures in the vulnerable locations can lead to the implementation of a long lasting solution to the threats borne from the tornados. According to the class discussions, science and technology aspects influence the society from various dimensions with the majority factors being positive towards the achievement of better living standards. The argument that science and technology approaches are alarming to sustainability rest inconsistent since different countries across the globe perceive different scientifically developed approaches as remedies to the challenges. For instance, China uses rockets that are capable of dispersing dangerous clouds from causing harm to the human population. Another aspect of

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Carther in the rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carther in the rye - Essay Example per therefore addresses these age-related psychological states of Holden, how these states alienate him from the society, thereby slowing his psychological development. To begin with, Holden believes that the protection of innocence and especially childhood innocence is a virtue that all must uphold. For instance, he thinks of Jane Gallagher as the little girl he used to play checkers with, and not as a growing woman. He loathes the fact that some men make sexual advances towards women, some of whom, like Jane, he feels are supposed to remain pure. At one instance, Holden says, â€Å"Most guys at Pencey just  talked  about having sexual intercourse with girls all the time – like Ackley, for instance – but old Stradlater really did it,† (Bloom, 2007, 7.32). This statement expresses his disgust towards such behaviors. In chapter 22, a conversation between Phoebe and Holden reveals to us what he terms as the purpose of his life, that of being a catcher in the rye. He pictures children playing in a field of rye next to a cliff, and imagines that he would catch them in the event that they slip. This dream shows us that he has af fection for childhood. Finally, Holden’s obsession with profanity manifests itself when he sees obscene graffiti in school. While on his way to visiting his friend Phoebe, he sees the words ‘fuck you’ (Bloom, 2007, Cap. 25) inscribed on the wall and tries to erase them. This shows his dislike against anything that may corrupt the mind of the children. Holden also shows disgust towards what he terms the ‘phoniness’ of the adult world. Holden uses this phrase to describe such aspects as hypocrisy, pretension and shallowness. One of the things that Holden brands as phony is the movies and anything related to them. However, we observe that he watches movies not because he loves them, but due to the lack of an alternative. He also believes that people are phony because they accept middle class values, for instance, he says, â€Å"Lawyers

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Managing people essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing people - Essay Example (Tulsian.P.C.& Pandey.V. 2006). Motivation is an important aspect in the process of directing people in an organization. Motivation aims in influencing the behavior of subordinates for enabling them for a better performance as well as for accomplishing desired results. Motivation always deals with actuating people towards work. Without motivation, people in the organization will not have the urge to maintain and improve their efficiency. Motivation is considered as the core of management (lazar. P.K. 2007). The topic of motivation is large. Human motivation is a set of reasons that will establish a person to act as well as to engage in an exacting action or conduct (Definition of Motivation. 2008). Motivation is considered as the core of the management. It is non avoidable in modern business management, It has many importance aspects. Motivation always sets in motion the action of people. It activates human resources by creating the will to work among human beings. Motivation improves efficiency of work performance. This is by bridging the gap between the ability and willingness to work. As a result the quantity and quality of production is increased and the cost of operations is reduced. Moreover motivation ensures achievement of organizational goals. This is through meeting of individual needs through a satisfactory system of rewards and by inspiring people at work to contribute to the best of their capacities. Motivation also creates a friendly relation between the employers and the employees’ through monetary and non monetary incentives. It also leads to stability of the workforce by providing the workforce with job satisfaction. Motivation also facilitates to introduce changes in the organization. This is necessary for overcoming the resistance to change among the employees. Vroom formulated his expectancy theory of motivation as a criticism to Herzbergs two factor theory. According to vroom, people will be motivated to do things to achieve

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

McDonalds in Cameroon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

McDonalds in Cameroon - Essay Example This essay discusses the issue of possibility to set up McDonalds in Cameroon, that is a country in Central Africa. The researcher describes the topic in five parts of the essay. It begins with an introduction of McDonalds, and then the Cameroon country itself. The researcher also analyzes the size of market of Cameroon that will likely follow or not follow the new product in the Cameroonian market. The third part of the essay will not only research on social and cultural acceptance of McDonald’s products, but also gives the required adaptations that would be necessary to begin with. The fourth part contains details on the legal and bureaucratic factors that include taxation, local manufacture, and imports. The essay ends with some recommendations concerning the project, and cite sweeping conclusions. In conclusion, the researcher analyzes the constant social revolutions in the Cameroonians and cases that include the improved health-awareness of humanity. In the long term, key menu diversification needs to include new and healthy foods could be termed as necessary if McDonalds looks forward to their customers to enjoy their foodstuff with clear principles. The fact that McDonald’s begins to vend fresh fruit with the traditional Happy Meal is a leading step towards a menu more appropriate to the changed surroundings, especially important to Central Africa region. The researcher hopes, that some of his recommendations can certainly help McDonalds to set up in Cameroon without any opposition.

Monday, September 9, 2019

Why do you think some aviation hazards go unreported How might you Essay

Why do you think some aviation hazards go unreported How might you change attitudes of people who do not report such problems - Essay Example dents tend to go unreported is because they are considered either to be minor or there is lack of knowledge as to the effect that such minor incidents may have in the long term. The most important step that needs to be undertaken and is being undertaken is the fact that awareness of such hazards and their knowledge is given to the crew so that they are able to interpret the potential hazard and its outcome. Furthermore pressurizing the crew to report such incidents and any untoward incident which might be a potential hazard should be done. The training on such aviation hazards should be made mandatory. The occurrences of such hazards and the threats they pose have been taken into account by many aviation authorities and there have been measures undertaken so that such hazards do not go unreported which include developing simple reporting system. However, until and unless strict implementation is adhered to the customary practices of such hazards going unreported would continue. The measures that need to be adopted are prolonged but are of

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Marketing Strategy WH Smith Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Marketing Strategy WH Smith Case Study - Essay Example WH Smith (WHS) was established in 1792 and went public in 1949. The retail division presently operates 542 retail stores and 127 travel stores across the country. In addition, the division operates e-retailing business through the website. The news division of WHS is UK’s largest wholesaler of newspaper and magazines. The company’s key product portfolio includes books, stationery, travel guides, greeting cards and gift packaging, art materials, entertainment products such as music and video CD’s, DVD’s, computer games and confectionery. The company derives a majority of its revenues from the UK, having divested itself of the Asia-pacific arm.Major competitors that need to be considered, looking at the diverse range of products offered, may be identified as Amazon.com, Borders Group, Barnes & Noble, Bertelsmann, Lagardere, HMV, Virgin, Woolworths, Asda, Tesco and a number of specialist small retailers.The most obvious strength of the company is its 542 reta il outlets on every high-street in the country and 127 travel stores at railway stations and airports, allowing the company to reach a wide customer base – 70% of the British public visit a WHS store at least once every year!Travel Retail is a strong performer within the retail division and recorded growth rates of 3% in revenue (Â £311 million) and an increase of 24 % in its profits in 2005 compared with the previous year. While passenger growth at airports was 2%, the sales at airport outlets grew by 7%. (Datamonitor, 2006). Distribution: WH Smith News has 47 distribution centres across the UK and delivers up to 50 million newspapers and magazines every week. All distribution centres employ state-of-the-art technology, such as 'Pick and Pack' machinery, to help to improve customer service and reduce costs. I.T. Systems: The company is in an excellent position to exploit the cutting edge Information Technology

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Research paper on Europeans in America Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Europeans in America - Research Paper Example In around 1000 A.D., Leif Eriksson is said to have discovered North America (Ingstad, 2000, p.1). The early European explorers were trying to identify sea routes, which would lead them to Asia. The first officially known explorer of these routes was Christopher Columbus who undertook his sailing by order of the monarch of Spain in 1492. He made three expeditions before his death in 1506 and was able to identify the Caribbean Islands in the Bahamas. After his death, the Spanish continued the further explorations of new lands. In 1499, Italian navigators Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda sailed to the northern coast of South America and referred to the newly found land as a new continent. The European mapmakers named the new continent America in honor of Amerigo and Alonso de Ojeda. In 1513, a Spanish explorer Vans co Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and became the first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean. In the same year, Juan Ponce de Leon explored the Bahama s and Florida in search of the Fountain of Youth (Space and Warren, 2011 p.4). In 1497, John Cabot, a navigator from England, traveled to the new world. French explorers Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier explored the Atlantic coast of the present US in 1524 and 1534. As European explorers continued to look for the shortest sea routes to Asia, they also thought of colonizing the newly found land. As a result, Spain by hands of Hernan Cortes invaded Mexico in 1519 and Francisco Pizarro invaded Peru in 1532. The Early Settlement in America-New Spain Of all the European nations, Spain was the pioneering one to the colonization of America. Cortes invaded Mexico and defeated the Aztec Empire in the period 1519-1521. By 1533, Pizarro had conquered the Incas of Peru. The Spanish in their search for rumored piles of gold and silver in America sent expeditions to Kansas and Colorado under Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Hernando de Soto and Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. These early explo rers were searching for cities made of gold and silver, but they did not find them. Instead, in 1545 they discovered silver at Potosi, in what is presently Bolivia, as well as in Mexico in the same year. The new American gold and silver mines remained a powerful base for Spain’s wealth and power for a century. After the Spanish conquest in the new world, the Spanish Jesuits attempted to convert the Native Americans to Christianity. Mission centers were established in the new empire, in Florida, in New Mexico and in Virginia. After defeating the Native Americans, the Spanish established a system of forced labor known as ecomienda which was later abandoned after the Spanish religious and government authorities witnessed the brutality of the system. The Spaniards, therefore, started establishing large estates of land known as haciendas. In the beginning of the 17 century, the Dutch, Swedish, French and English colonists started arriving in the New World. By then, the Spanish col onies in New Granada (Colombia), Caribbean, New Spain (Mexico) were a century old. The colonies were a major source of power for Spain and became the main source of jealously from other European nations. French Settlement in New World By the year 1530, the French explorers had navigated the coast of America from newly found lands to Carolinas; a French explorer Samuel de Champlain had build a foundation of what came to be known as French Canada (New France) in